Differences in rice component distribution across layers and their relationship with taste.

BACKGROUND: Rice taste is closely associated with endosperm composition, which varies among different rice layers. Although clarifying the relationship between this difference and nutritional taste can guide rice breeding and cultivation practices, research on this topic is limited. RESULTS: Here, typical rice varieties having excellent and poor taste characteristics were selected to analyze the distribution characteristics and differences of their components. The varieties with excellent taste exhibited lower apparent amylose content (AAC) and protein content (PC), lesser short-chain (Fa) and long-chain (Fb3 ) amylopectin (AP) and more medium-chain (Fb1+2 ) AP, higher long-to-short chain ratio (Fa:Fb3 ), and higher nitrogen (N), magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca) content in layer 1 (L1) than the varieties with poor taste. Layer 2 (L2) played a key role in AAC and PC regulation in the varieties with excellent taste by reducing AAC and appropriately increasing PC, consequently improving rice taste. AP structure in layer 3 (L3) substantially affected the taste of the two types of varieties. The mineral content was the highest in L1, and increased potassium (K), Ca, and Mg content improved taste in all varieties. CONCLUSION: AAC in each layer contributes to rice taste. PC and minerals primarily act on L1 and L2, whereas AP acts on L2 and L3. Therefore, the endosperm formation process should be exploited for improving rice taste. Furthermore, key resources and cultivation should be identified and regulated, respectively, to improve rice taste. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Prevalence, predictors, and outcomes of acute respiratory distress syndrome in severe stroke.

OBJECTIVES: Patients with severe stroke are at high risk of developing acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), but this severe complication was often under-diagnosed and rarely explored in stroke patients. We aimed to investigate the prevalence, early predictors, and outcomes of ARDS in severe stroke. METHODS: This prospective study included consecutive patients admitted to neurological intensive care unit (neuro-ICU) with severe stroke, including acute ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, and subarachnoid hemorrhage. The incidence of ARDS was examined, and baseline characteristics and severity scores on admission were investigated as potential early predictors for ARDS. The in-hospital mortality, length of neuro-ICU stay, the total cost in neuro-ICU, and neurological functions at 90 days were explored. RESULTS: Of 140 patients included, 35 (25.0%) developed ARDS. Over 90% of ARDS cases occurred within 1 week of admission. Procalcitonin (OR 1.310 95% CI 1.005-1.707, P = 0.046) and PaO2/FiO2 on admission (OR 0.986, 95% CI 0.979-0.993, P < 0.001) were independently associated with ARDS, and high brain natriuretic peptide (OR 0.994, 95% CI 0.989-0.998, P = 0.003) was a red flag biomarker warning that the respiratory symptoms may be caused by cardiac failure rather than ARDS. ARDS patients had longer stays and higher expenses in neuro-ICU. Among patients with ARDS, 25 (62.5%) were moderate or severe ARDS. All the patients with moderate to severe ARDS had an unfavorable outcome at 90 days. CONCLUSIONS: ARDS is common in patients with severe stroke, with most cases occurring in the first week of admission. Procalcitonin and PaO2/FiO2 on admission are early predictors of ARDS. ARDS worsens both short-term and long-term outcomes. The conflict in respiratory support strategies between ARDS and severe stroke needs to be further studied.

The clinical value of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and systemic inflammation response index (SIRI) for predicting the occurrence and severity of pneumonia in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage.

Background: Inflammatory mechanisms play important roles in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and have been linked to the development of stroke-associated pneumonia (SAP). The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and systemic inflammation response index (SIRI) are inflammatory indexes that influence systemic inflammatory responses after stroke. In this study, we aimed to compare the predictive value of the NLR, SII, SIRI and PLR for SAP in patients with ICH to determine their application potential in the early identification of the severity of pneumonia. Methods: Patients with ICH in four hospitals were prospectively enrolled. SAP was defined according to the modified Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria. Data on the NLR, SII, SIRI and PLR were collected at admission, and the correlation between these factors and the clinical pulmonary infection score (CPIS) was assessed through Spearman's analysis. Results: A total of 320 patients were enrolled in this study, among whom 126 (39.4%) developed SAP. The results of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis revealed that the NLR had the best predictive value for SAP (AUC: 0.748, 95% CI: 0.695-0.801), and this outcome remained significant after adjusting for other confounders in multivariable analysis (RR=1.090, 95% CI: 1.029-1.155). Among the four indexes, Spearman's analysis showed that the NLR was the most highly correlated with the CPIS (r=0.537, 95% CI: 0.395-0.654). The NLR could effectively predict ICU admission (AUC: 0.732, 95% CI: 0.671-0.786), and this finding remained significant in the multivariable analysis (RR=1.049, 95% CI: 1.009-1.089, P=0.036). Nomograms were created to predict the probability of SAP occurrence and ICU admission. Furthermore, the NLR could predict a good outcome at discharge (AUC: 0.761, 95% CI: 0.707-0.8147). Conclusions: Among the four indexes, the NLR was the best predictor for SAP occurrence and a poor outcome at discharge in ICH patients. It can therefore be used for the early identification of severe SAP and to predict ICU admission.

Efficient and highly tunable second-harmonic generation in Z-cut periodically poled lithium niobate nanowaveguides.

Thin-film lithium-niobate-on-insulator (LNOI) has emerged as a superior integrated-photonics platform for linear, nonlinear, and electro-optics. Here we combine quasi-phase-matching, dispersion engineering, and tight mode confinement to realize nonlinear parametric processes with both high efficiency and wide wavelength tunability. On a millimeter-long, Z-cut LNOI waveguide, we demonstrate efficient (1900±500%W-1cm-2) and highly tunable (-1.71nm/K) second-harmonic generation from 1530 to 1583 nm by type-0 quasi-phase-matching. Our technique is applicable to optical harmonic generation, quantum light sources, frequency conversion, and many other photonic information processes across visible to mid-IR spectral bands.

[Association between maternal alcohol consumption and risk of congenital heart disease in offspring: a Meta analysis].

OBJECTIVE: To study the association between maternal alcohol consumption and the risk of congenital heart disease (CHD) in offspring. METHODS: PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Google Scholar, China Biology Medicine disc, Wanfang Database, CNKI Database, and Weipu Database were searched for the articles on the association between maternal alcohol consumption and congenital heart disease in offspring. These articles were published up to November 30, 2019. A random effects model or a fixed effects model was used for the pooled analysis of the results of each study, and then the pooled effective value and its 95%CI were calculated. A subgroup analysis was performed to explore heterogeneous regulators. Funnel plots and an Egger's test were used to assess publication bias. RESULTS: A total of 4 409 articles were searched, and 55 articles were finally included in this analysis, among which there were 6 cohort studies and 49 case-control studies. The Meta analysis showed heterogeneity across all studies (I2=74%, P<0.01). The random effects model showed that maternal alcohol consumption was associated with CHD in offspring, with an OR of 1.18 (95%CI: 1.09-1.28). The Egger's test showed a certain degree of publication bias (P<0.05), and after adjustment, the pooled OR of CHD in offspring was 1.10 (95%CI: 1.01-1.21). CONCLUSIONS: Maternal alcohol consumption may increase the risk of CHD in offspring.

Biochemical composition distribution in different grain layers is associated with the edible quality of rice cultivars.

Clarifying the association of differences in endosperm biochemical composition with nutrient and edible quality can guide rice breeding and cultivation. In this study, very-low-amylose-content (LAC), Japanese good-taste (JTC), Northeast China good-taste (CTC), and Northeast China high-yield (CHC) cultivars were milled to obtain four layers (L1-L4) from outside-in, and then analyzed for apparent amylose content (AAC), protein content (PC), amino acids, soluble sugars, and minerals. The association of these compositions and Rapid-Visco analysis values with taste was also examined. LAC had low AAC, high amino acid and mineral content, and the highest taste value. Taste was significantly affected by AAC and soluble sugar in L3, and by PC in the L2 layer. High levels of amino acid in L2 and L3 improved the taste, as did Mg, P, and Ca in L1. On the whole, starch factors had the highest contribution to taste, followed by minerals, amino acids, and PC.

Differences in Viscosity of Superior and Inferior Spikelets of Japonica Rice with Various Percentages of Apparent Amylose Content.

Viscosity, a crucial characteristic for rice palatability, is affected by endosperm characters. We compared correlations between differences in viscosity of japonica rice with various palatability and endosperm characters. Changes in apparent amylose and protein contents (AAC% and PC%, respectively) and amylopectin side-chain distribution and the relationship of these traits with palatability were investigated in superior and inferior spikelets of good cultivars with low amylose content from Hokkaido and common cultivars from northeastern Japan, using rapid visco analyzer characteristics and rice-grain microstructures. Significant differences occurred in PC%, AAC%, breakdown, setback, peak time, and pasting temperature of different cultivars and grain positions. Amylopectin components showed remarkable differences in grain surfaces, surface layers, and section structure between the grain varieties. Hokkaido cultivars showed better viscosity than northeastern cultivars, particularly initial stage grains. Correlation analysis indicated viscosity was mainly AAC%-dependent, whereas differences in endosperm characteristics between spikelet positions were mainly due to grain-filling temperature.

[Emission Characteristics of Residential Coal Combustion Flue Gas in Beijing].

Honeycomb briquet,biomass briquettes and bituminous coal from suburb of Beijing were chosen as testing samples to carry out combustion experiments. The characteristics of inorganic pollutant emission factors and VOCs emission factors released from the flue gas were studied. The results showed that under the condition of sufficient combustion, the average emission factors of SO2 from these three types of coal respectively were 1.50,1.91,1.62 kg·t-1;NOx 0.420,0.901,2.20 kg·t-1;CO 22.4,37.3,87.3 kg·t-1. Combustion emission factors of gaseous pollutants for NOx and CO were in the order of bituminous coal > biomass briquettes > honeycomb briquet. SO2 emission factors were in the order of biomass briquettes > bituminous coal > honeycomb briquet. The 2014 emissions inventory of the three civil coal combustion pollutants in Beijing was obtained. Bituminous coal emissions of SO2 was more than 5.5×103 tons,NOx was more than 7.5×103 tons,CO was more than 290×103 tons. All these coal types released more kinds and higher concentrations of volatile organic compounds in ignition phase and damp down stage. VOCs emission factor was the highest during ignition phase, followed by damp down phase.

[Testing of Concentration and Characteristics of Particulate Matters Emitted from Stationary Combustion Sources in Beijing].

A self-built monitoring sampling system on particulate matters and water soluble ions emitted from stationary combustion sources and a size separated sampling system on particulate matters based on FPS4000 and ELPI + were applied to test particulate matters in fumes of typical stationary combustion sources in Beijing. The results showed that the maximum concentration of total particulate matters in fumes of stationary combustion sources in Beijing was 83.68 mg · m⁻³ in standard smoke oxygen content and the minimum was 0.12 mg · m⁻³. And particle number concentration was in the 104-106 cm⁻³ number of grade. Both mass and number concentration ranking order of particulate matters emitted from stationary combustion sources in Beijing was: heating gas fired boilers < power plant coal fired boilers < heating coal fired boilers. And two or three peaks existed under 1 µm of particulate size for both number size distribution and mass size distribution. The number concentration for PM2.5 accounted for over 99.8% of that for PM10 and that for PM0.1 accounted for over 83% of that for PM2.5. But the proportions of PM0.1, and PM2.5 in PM10 were significantly lower in quality analysis,the proportion of PM2.5 in PM10 was about 82%, and that of PM0.1 in PM2.5 was about 27%-33%.

[Emission Characteristics of Water-Soluble Ions in Fumes of Coal Fired Boilers in Beijing].

Selecting coal fired boilers with typical flue gas desulfurization and dust extraction systems in Beijing as the study objects, the issues and characteristics of the water-soluble ions in fumes of coal fired boilers and theirs influence factors were analyzed and evaluated. The maximum mass concentration of total water-soluble ions in fumes of coal fired boilers in Beijing was 51.240 mg x m(-3) in the benchmark fume oxygen content, the minimum was 7.186 mg x m(-3), and the issues of the water-soluble ions were uncorrelated with the fume moisture content. SO4(2-) was the primary characteristic water-soluble ion for desulfurization reaction, and the rate of contribution of SO4(2-) in total water-soluble ions ranged from 63.8% to 81.0%. F- was another characteristic water-soluble ion in fumes of thermal power plant, and the rate of contribution of F- in total water-soluble ions ranged from 22.2% to 32.5%. The fume purification technologies significantly influenced the issues and the emission characteristics of water-soluble ions in fumes of coal fired boilers. Na+ was a characteristic water-soluble ion for the desulfurizer NaOH, NH4+ and NO3+ were characteristic for the desulfurizer NH4HCO3, and Mg2+ was characteristic for the desulfurizer MgO, but the Ca2+ emission was not increased by addition of the desulfurizer CaO or CaCO3 The concentrations of NH4+ and NO3- in fumes of thermal power plant were lower than those in fumes of industrial or heating coal fired boilers. The form of water-soluble ions was significantly correlated with fume temperature. The most water-soluble ions were in superfine state at higher fume temperature and were not easily captured by the filter membrane.

[Levels and distribution of organochlorine pesticides and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in atmospheric particulates in Xining and Tianjun, Qinghai province, China].

The levels of OCPs and DL-PCBs in the atmospheric particulates of Xining city and Tianjun county in Qinghai province were determined. DDTs and HCHs were the main component of OCPs in the atmospheric particulates. The average levels of DDTs and HCHs in the atmospheric particulates of Xining city were 35 pg x m(-3) and 5.9 pg x m(-3) in summer and 93 pg x m(-3) and 11 pg x m(-3) in winter, respectively. In Tianjun county, they were 83 pg x m(-3) and 6.4 pg x m(-3) in summer and 28 pg x m(-3) and 6.7 pg x m(-3) in winter, respectively. Compared with other Asian areas, the average levels of them in Qinghai province were lower. Meanwhile, the average levels of DL-PCBs in Xining city were 0.52 pg x m(-3) in summer and 0.99 pg x m(-3) in winter, respectively, and in Tianjun county were 0.58 pg x m(-3) in summer and 0.52 pg x m(-3) in winter, respectively. The average levels of OCPs in summer and winter of Xining city were higher than those in Tianjun county, but the average levels of DL-PCBs in two cities were similar. Compared with the polar region, the distribution principles of DL-PCBs in the plateau area were certainly similar, while HCHs and DDTs were different.

[Levels and distribution of the dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the surface sediment of the Yellow River ].

The levels of DL-PCBs in the surface sediments collected in 15 different sampling sites from the Tibetan Plateau to the Yellow River estuary along the Yellow River were measured using the GC-MS. The concentrations of ∑DL-PCBs ranged from 2. 3 to 14.8 pg.g-1 and the TEQs of DL-PCBs were between 0. 001 4 and 0. 023 1 pgg-1 , with an average of 0. 007 3 pg.g-1. Compared with other domestic and foreign rivers, the DL-PCBs and TEQ levels of the Yellow River were at low levels. The main DL-PCBs congeners in the Yellow River sediments were tetra and penta chlorinated biphenyls. The DL-PCBs congener composition of rural and underdeveloped areas was similar, and there was similar congeners composition between the industry developed areas and the populous areas. Petrochemical industries and hydropower facilities may affect the distribution of DL-PCBs congener in the sediments. A significant correlation between concentrations of DL-PCBs and GDP per capita was found. It indicated that the contamination extent of DL-PCBs in the Yellow River was related with the local economic development, DL-PCBs levels in developed areas were higher than those in remote rural areas.

[Levels and sources of decabromodiphenyl ether and dechlorane plus in Xining and Tianjun, Qinghai Province, China].

Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) and dechlorane plus (DP), two common additive flame retardants, are widely used in electronic products. Since they are widely spread in both abiotic and biotic environmental samples, they have attracted worldwide attention. This study reported the measurement of the levels of BDE-209 and DP in the atmosphere of Xining City and Tianjun County in Qinghai Province. Compared with other areas, the average levels of BDE-209 in Xining City were higher, 370 pg x m(-3) in summer and 470 pg x m(-3) in winter, and that in Tianjun County were 220 pg x m(-3) and 390 pg x m(-3), respectively. Meanwhile, the average level of DP was at a low level both in Xining (0.85 pg x m (-3) and 0.25 pg x m(-3) in summer and winter) and Tianjun (0.24 pgx m(-3) and 0.16 pg x m(-3) in summer and winter), which showed that the level of DP in Xining was higher than that in Tianjun and the level of DP in summer was higher than that in winter. The anti-DP fractional abundances (f(anti)) in Xining City and Tianjun County were 0.66 +/- 0.04 and 0.68 +/- 0.06, respectively. Neither seasonal variation nor spatial variation of f (anti) was found at the sampling sites. A weak inverse correlation was found between the level of BDE-209 and DP in Qinghai,suggesting that the local sources of the two pollutants may be different.

[Vertical distribution of PBDEs and DL-PCBs in sediments of Taihu Lake].

Sediment core samples collected from the Zhushan Bay, Meiliang Bay, South Taihu of Taihu Lake were analyzed for 8 polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) and 12 dioxin-like PCBs (DL-PCBs). The results revealed that the PBDEs levels were highest in the Zhushan Bay, followed by Meiliang Bay and South Taihu; and the DL-PCB levels were highest in the Meiliang Bay, followed Zhushan Bay and South Taihu. The vertical distribution of PBDEs level showed an exponential growth trend in Taihu Lake sediments, BDE-209 was the most abundant PBDEs congeners; and the vertical distribution of the DL-PCBs level in the sediments revealed that the contamination caused by DL-PCBs continued to increase in recent years, indicating that there were PCBs sources in the Taihu Lake region. There was significant difference in the composition of PBDEs congeners at different depths in the sediments of Meiliang Bay, however, the detailed causes remain to be investigated in further studies. The vertical distribution pattern of PCBs congeners revealed that PCB-77, -118, -105 levels significantly decreased with increasing depth in 0-15 cm upper sediments and there chang in the lower sediments.

CD1d blockade suppresses the capacity of immature dendritic cells to prime allogeneic T cell response.

BACKGROUND: Dendritic cells (DCs) are the principal antigen-presenting cells involved in primary immune response and immunoregulation. The function of DCs is believed to depend on their degree of maturation. Mature DCs activate immune responses, whereas immature DCs (imDCs) tend to induce immune tolerance. CD1 is involved in regulating the development of imDCs, which have important roles in initiating or suppressing the immune response after transplantation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used male BALB/c mice and C57BL/6 mice (aged 8-10 wk, 18-22 g). We isolated and purified T lymphocytes from mouse spleen. Immature DCs modified by viral delivery of interleukin-10 (IL-10) were stimulated with granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and treated with anti-CD1d in vitro. We used mixed lymphocyte cultures to evaluate the heterogeneity of T lymphocyte response. We also examined the proliferation of T lymphocytes and the expression of cytokines. RESULTS: CD1d blockade did not impair granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor and LPS-stimulated DC maturation. We observed a dramatic increase in allogeneic T lymphocyte proliferation (stimulation index) at all tested responder-stimulator ratios in response to imDCs cultured in the presence of LPS (P < 0.05). CD1d has an important role in imDC-primed T cell response (P < 0.05). CD1d blockade reduced the capacity of imDCs to prime allogeneic T cells. T cells pre-sensitized by LPS-stimulated imDCs showed remarkably elevated proliferation in response to T cells from either BALB/c or C57BL/6 mice (P < 0.01). We observed a significant decrease in the proliferation of T cells pre-sensitized by stimulated imDCs after CD1d blockade. Lipopolysaccharide stimulation caused elevated the production of IL-12 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (P < 0.01) and decreased the secretion of IL-10 (P < 0.05). The addition of CD1d neutralization antibody did not significantly change the concentrations of IL-12, TNF-α, or IL-10 produced by imDCs cultured in the presence of LPS (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Blockade of CD1d impaired the ability of imDCs to stimulate allogeneic T cell response. By reduced T cell proliferation, the secretion of IL-12 and TNF-α decreased and production of a T-helper type 2 cytokine IL-10 increased, which indicates the potential of CD1d blockade as a method to induce immune tolerance to allograft antigens in transplantation.

[Clinical observation on the prevention and treatment of perioperative delayed cerebrovasospasm in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage by the comprehensive protocol of integrative medicine].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the efficacy and safety of the comprehensive protocol of integrative medicine in preventing and treating perioperative delayed cerebrovasospasm (DCVS) in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). METHODS: Using a prospective randomized controlled trial design, 63 aSAH inpatients were assigned to the treatment group (31 cases, 24 treated by intervention treatment and 7 by craniotomy) and the control group (32 cases, 26 treated by intervention treatment and 6 by craniotomy). All patients were treated with basic therapy and nimodipine. Those in the treatment group additionally took naomai jiejing decoction No. 1 and No. 2. The incidence and the mortality of DCVS, re-bleeding, hydrocephalus were compared on the 180th day. The middle cerebral artery mean flow velocity (Vm), PI value, linde-gard index on day 1, 3, 7, and 14 were compared. The Chinese medicine syndrome score, NIHSS, and revised Rankin questionnaire on day 1, 14, and 180 were compared. RESULTS: The DCVS occurred in 9 cases (29. 0%) of the treatment group and 17 patients (53.1%) of the control group, showing statistical difference (P < 0.05). The occurrence of re-hemorrhage was obviously lower in the treatment than in the control group (3.2% vs. 6.2%), showing statistical difference (P < 0. 05). There was no statistical difference in the mortality (6.4% vs. 9.4%) or the occurrence of hydrocephalus (29.0% vs 25.0%, P > 0.05). The Vm, PI, and linde-gard index on day 7, the Vm and linde-gard index on day 14 were obviously lower in the treatment group than in the control group (P < 0.05). The Chinese medicine syndrome score and NIHSS on day 14 and 180 were lower in the treatment group than in the control group, showing statistical difference (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The comprehensive protocol of integrative medicine could reduce the incidence of aSAH patients' DCVS, the Chinese medicine syndrome score and NIHSS, and improve their clinical symptoms.

[Three-year follow-up results of visual inspection with acetic acid/Lugol's iodine (VIA/VILI) used as an alternative screening method for cervical cancer in rural areas].

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: In China, there has been no established national program for cervical cancer prevention, the screening methods and experiences are especially deficient in the rural areas. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the effects of acetic acid/Lugol's iodine (VIA/VILI) used for screening of cervical cancer and pre-cancerous lesions in a rural area of China by analyzing the large-scale population-based screening data from the demonstration site. METHODS: Women aged 30-59 years from Xiangyuan County in Shanxi Province were recruited for cervical cancer screening from 2005 to 2007. VIA/VILI was the primary screening method followed by colposcopy if the VIA/VILI was positive. Cervical lesions were diagnosed by directed biopsy under the colposcopy. The VIA/VILI negative women or cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 1 (CIN1) were re-screened using the same procedure in the next year. RESULTS: In total, 7145 women received the cervical cancer screening, with a participation rate of 74.75%. Their average age was 42.16 years. A total of 1287 women were consecutively screened for three times from 2005 to 2007. The detection rates of CIN2, CIN3 and cervical cancer were 0.70% (9/1287), 1.01% (13/1287) and 0.23% (3/1287) for the first round screening, and were 0.22% (2/976), 0.11% (1/976) and 0% (0/976) for the second round screening, respectively. Only one CIN2 was found in the third round screening. In the years of 2006-2007, 3490 women were screened consecutively twice. The detection rates of CIN2, CIN3 and cervical cancer were 0.26% (9/3490), 0.52% (18/3490) and 0.15% (5/3490) for the first round screening, and 0.40% (14/2943), 0.40% (14/2943) and 0.03% (1/2943) for the second round screening. Likewise, 2 368 women were screened consecutively twice in the years of 2007-2008. The detection rates of CIN2, CIN3 and cervical cancer were 0.55% (13/2368), 0.25% (6/2368) and 0.12% (3/2368) for the first round screening, and 0.42 (10/2040), 0.04% (1/2040) and 0% for the second round screening. The cumulative detection rates for CIN2, CIN3 and cervical cancer were 0.81% (58/7145), 0.74% (53/7145) and 0.17% (12/7145), respectively. And 53.45% (31/58) of CIN2, 68.81% (37/53) of CIN3 and almost all cervical cancers (11/12) were found during the first round screening, except for an early stage cervical cancer (Ia). Only one CIN2 was detected in the third round screening in the same population. The average age of CIN1, CIN2, CIN3 and cervical cancer were 38.65, 40.61, 44.10 and 46.73 years, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: VIA/VILI can be used as an alternative screening method for cervical cancer and high-grade pre-cancerous lesions among the women aged 30-59 years in China's rural areas because of its low cost, easy training for the local health providers, and less depending on facilities. One round screening by VIA/VILI can detect more than a half of CIN2, two-thirds of CIN3 and almost all the cervical cancer in the population, and the detection rates of CIN2/3 can be increased by two consecutive rounds of screening.